Chemistry Simulator Exam Area of ​​Engineering and Sciences Physics Mathematics IPN 2024 Higher Level

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Chemical reaction is the process in which a transformation of substances into others with properties different from the initial ones occurs.

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Carbon dioxide or CO2 is an inorganic carbon compound. It is a colorless gas, with a slightly irritating odor and acidic taste. It is not poisonous or oxidizing. It is found in nature, in the air (in very low percentages) and in volcanic emanations. CO2 is produced in the respiration of animals, it is emitted by plants at night and is the result of all carbon combustion processes, therefore, it is a component of the combustion products of hydrocarbons and, in particular , is emitted by the exhaust pipes of vehicles powered by engines that use such fuels, which generates CO2 emissions.

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pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions.

Source:
Jardón SG (2000) General chemistry course for chemical engineering students.
ESIQIE/IPN. Mexico.pp.206.

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Type of substance Formula

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The electronic configuration, based on the atomic number, gives the number of electrons that will fill the orbitals with the following sequence:

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Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship of the properties of heat, work, energy and the changes that produce the states of systems. Equilibrium thermodynamics has to do with systems in equilibrium.

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A wall can be adiabatic or non-adiabatic. The adiabatic wall is one that does not conduct heat at all, while a non-adiabatic wall conducts heat. If, in general, no changes in the properties of systems A and B are observed over time, then this wall is called adiabatic.

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Homogeneous mixtures of liquids are known as solutions and are made up of a solute and a solvent, where the first is found in a smaller proportion and the second is usually the liquid. For example, in water mixed with mineral salts or sugar, the water is the solvent and the sugar is the solute.

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The trial method for balancing a chemical equation consists of equating the number and type of reactant atoms, ions or molecules with the products in order to comply with the law of conservation of matter.

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The table represents the chemical equation balanced by the trial method.

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The oxidation number for each element is indicated in the compound respectively.

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To solve the problem, the following formula is used:

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Mol: Amount of a substance that contains Avogadro's number.
Atom: Smallest unit that constitutes matter.
Matter: Everything that occupies a certain place in the universe.
Molecule: Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

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Problem data:

K2Cr2O7 PM=294.21 g/mol
K=39 g/mol Cr=52g/mol O=16 g/mol
K=2molx39g/mol=78g
Cr=2molx52g/mol=104g
O=7molx16 g/mol=112g
%K= (78g/294.21 g)100=26.51%
%Cr= (104g/294.21g)100=35.35%
%O= (112g/294.21g)100=38.07%

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When relating the communes it is as follows:

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Taking the following criteria of organic compounds:
A single link gives the suffix -ano ―
A double bond gives the suffix -eno =
A triple bond gives the suffix -ino ≡
The compound contains the prefix but- which means 4 carbons, the ending -ene tells us that there is a double bond on the second carbon.
And finally, 1-bromo indicates that Br is bonded to the first carbon.

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A chemical reaction is represented by a chemical equation in which, generally, when an arrow is written in one direction (→) it is an irreversible reaction and when a two-way arrow is written  It is a reversible reaction.
González Pérez, Silvia, Toledo Vargas, Juan José, Bustamante Pineda, Joana Cecibel.
Physical chemistry, a new competency-based approach. Patria Publishing House. Mexico 2005. Page 195

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Nonpolar covalent bonding occurs between atoms of the same nonmetallic element with electronegativity equal to zero.
Bibliography:
http://depa.fquim.unam.mx/representaciones/enopolar.html#:~:text=El%20enlace%20covalente
%20no%20polar,%C3%A1tomos%20diferentes%2C%20es%20el%20metano.

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The octet rule states that the tendency of ions of elements is to complete their last energy levels with a quantity of 8 electrons. When elaborating the Lewis structures of the compounds we have:

So we can see that the only central element that obeys the octet rule is ammonia.
Bibliography:
https://clickmica.fundaciondescubre.es/conoce/descubrimientos/la-regla delocteto/#:~:text=Lewis%20postul%C3%B3%20en%201916%20la,una%20cantidad%20de%2%0electrones.&text=As%C3%AD%2C%20ambos%20%C3%A1tomos%20se%20encontrar%C3%A1ne % 20su%20%C3%BAltima%20capa%20energ%C3%A9tica

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By developing the Lewis structure, we can observe that:

The free electrons (that are not bound) are 4.
Bibliography:

• http://elfisicoloco.blogspot.com/2012/11/estructuras-de-lewis.html
• https://brainly.lat/tarea/809786#:~:text=Los%20%C3%A1tomos%20libres%20constan%20d
  e,el%20los%20orbitales%20del%20%C3%A1tomo.

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The oxidation numbers of each element are presented below:

Bibliography:
https://www.quimitube.com/teoria-redox/normas-determinacion-numero-oxidacion/

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Formality (F) has the following units of concentration:

Molarity (M) has the following concentration units:

Molarity (m) has the following concentration units:

Normality (N) has the following concentration units:

Source:
Jardón SG (2000) General chemistry course for chemical engineering students.
ESIQIE/IPN. Mexico.pp.7-8.

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1.- The oxidation numbers of hydrogen and oxygen are placed, remembering that if hydrogen is on the right, it will have an oxidation number -1.

2.- The oxidation number of each element is multiplied by the number of elements that each one has.

3.- It is observed that the compound is neutral, so the sum and subtraction of all oxidation numbers must be equal to zero, boron works with two oxidation numbers +3. 

4.-For the sum to be zero, nitrogen must have an oxidation number of -3.

5.- To answer the question, enter the oxidation numbers without multiplying by the number of atoms, as in step 1.

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The stoichiometric representation to produce water is:

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1.- The weight is divided by the atomic weight of each element:

2.-Divide each one by the number less than that of oxygen

3.- For every mole of oxygen there are 3 of carbon and 6 of hydrogen, so the minimum formula or
empirical is

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The formula to convert degrees Fahrenheit to Centigrade is:

Replacing:

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Below are the conditions that are met for the four thermodynamic processes.

Isothermal processes: The temperature does not change.
Isobaric processes: The pressure does not vary.
Isochoric process: The volume remains constant.
Adiabatic processes: There is no heat transfer.

https://sites.google.com/site/termodinamicaalwinayala/principios-de-latermodinamica/procesos termodinamicos
https://temasdecalculo2.wordpress.com/2020/05/21/proceso-termodinamico-fisica/

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In the data N represents normality and V represents volume.
Formula: 𝑁𝐴 ∗ 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑁𝐵 ∗ 𝑉𝐵
Clearing volume: VA

Bibliography:

• https://es.slideshare.net/jammycerrogrande/estequiometria-ii
• https://tucursodeingenieria.blogspot.com/2020/05/dilucion-de-las-solucionesconcentradas.html

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Hydracids arise from the combination of H atoms and halogen atoms (group VIIA of the periodic table) or atoms of amphigenous or chalcogen elements (group VIA of the table).

Oxyacids are acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen and at least one element that corresponds to non-metals, in this case chlorine (Cl).

Hydroxides are compounds formed by metal cations (Al) and hydroxyl anions (OH-).

Oxysalts are types of salt that arise when an oxyacid and a base (hydroxide) combine.

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Some characteristics of the links are:

Ionic: High melting and boiling points.
Metallic: In solid form it conducts electric current.
Covalent: Low boiling and melting points.

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The suffix -ico is used for the higher oxidation state when there are only two valences or for the higher intermediate when there are four.
Therefore, knowing that the sum of the oxidation numbers of a stable molecule must be equal to 0:

The P can only work with

C can only work with

Cl can work with

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In the chemical equation the Cu of the:
a) Reagents
In the CuO molecule, called copper (II) oxide, copper has an oxidation number (2+).
b) Products
The oxidation number of uncombined elements is zero.

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Hydrocarbons can be classified into two types: aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatics can be classified in turn into alkanes, alkenes and alkynes according to the types of bonds that join the carbon atoms together.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are those hydrocarbons that possess the special properties associated with the nucleus or ring of benzene, in which there are six carbon-hydrogen groups attached to each of the vertices of a hexagon.

https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/162038/6.+Hidrocarburos+arom%C3%A1ticos+-
+Hydrocarbons+arom%C3%A1tic+halogenated++-+Hydrocarbons+polyarom%C3%A1tic++-
+Isocyanates+-+Ketones

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Considering that oxygen commonly works with (2-), a valid oxidation number of cobalt must be sought so that the sum of the oxidation numbers of the molecule is 0:

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Chemical compounds called metal oxides are the result of the binary combination of a metallic element with oxygen.

For example: