Chemistry Simulator Exam Area of ​​Social and Administrative Sciences IPN 2024 Higher Level

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A heterogeneous mixture is a system made up of two or more phases. Examples: stomach antacid and water with oil.
A homogeneous mixture is characterized by observing a single phase. Examples: gasoline and coffee with sugar.
Bibliography:
https://www.diferenciador.com/mezcla-homogenea-y mezclaheterogenea/#:~:text=Una%20mezcla%20homog%C3%A9nea%20es%20aquella,estando% 0distribuidos%20de%20manera%20uniforme.&text=Por%20el%20contrario%2C%20los%20elementos,su%20distribuci%C3%B3n%20no%20es%20uniforme.
https://www.ejemplos.co/50-ejemplos-de-mezclas-homogeneas-y-heterogeneas

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The suffix -oso is used when the element works with its lowest oxidation number and the suffix –ico, when it works with its highest oxidation number.

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The sum of the oxidation numbers of the components of a molecule must be equal to zero, so if magnesium only works with the oxidation state (2+) and the subscript of hydrogen is 2, hydrogen works with (1- ).

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Nonmetallic anhydrides or oxides are obtained from the combination of a nonmetal with oxygen.

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Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number, but differ in their mass numbers.

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It is a synthesis reaction because two molecules react to produce a different, more complex molecule.

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Ionic bonding is produced by the action of ions with opposite charges, so one ion gives up and the other accepts electrons.

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Positively charged ions are called cations; contrary to negatively charged ions, which are called anions.

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The polarity of a bond is directly proportional to the electronegativity of the bonding atoms.

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Elemental sodium reacts easily with water according to the following equation:

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The sum of the oxidation numbers of a compound is equal to zero since compounds are neutral.

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- Hydrides are compounds formed by hydrogen (H) and a metallic or non-metallic element.

- Hydroxides are formed by a basic oxide

- Acid oxide results from the combination of a non-metallic element with oxygen.

- The basic oxide results from the combination of a metallic element with oxygen.

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Filtration is a unitary solids separation process, which is carried out on a suspension using a porous medium where the solids suspended in the liquid are retained, but allows the passage of the liquid without solids.
Filtration takes advantage of the size of the particles suspended in the liquid, since it is thanks to this that the solids are retained in the porous medium.

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An isotope is a set of atoms that has the same number of protons (atomic number), but a different number of neutrons (different mass number, that is, the sum of protons and neutrons).
The isotope rubidium-86 has a mass number of 86:
A=86=protons + neutrons
Z=37= 37 protons=37 electrons
Neutrons = 86 – protons = 86 – 37 = 49 protons

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Hybridization consists of combining pure atomic orbitals of the same atom to obtain hybrid atomic orbitals.

• Hybridization It is formed by the combination of one s orbital with three py orbitals
  It forms an angle of 109 degrees.
• Sp2 hybridization, when carbon forms a double bond.
• Sp hybridization, when carbon forms a triple bond or stacked double bonds
  (two double bonds on the same carbon atom).

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Problem data:

solute mass

Mass of solution = 300g

Mass % copper sulfate = 8.3

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Miscibility is the property that implies the ease for two liquid substances to form a homogeneous mixture.
Source:
Bravo Trejo J. Mariano (2008) Principles of Chemistry 1. Exodus. Mexico.

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A chemical compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in constant proportions.

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The Bohr model says that electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits.

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Homogeneous mixtures of liquids are known as solutions and are made up of a solute and a solvent, the first being the one found in the smallest proportion and the second usually being the liquid.

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By giving up electrons, the atom transforms into a positive ion, also called a cation.
Cation: is an ion (whether atom or molecule) with a positive electrical charge, that is, it has lost electrons. Cations are described as having a positive oxidation state. This is because it has gained or lost electrons from its originally neutral supply, a phenomenon known as ionization.

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Halogens are a group of elements known as Group VIIA or Group 17 on the periodic table of elements.
Etymologically, the word halogen comes from the Greek salt-former and these are mentioned below: Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), Astatine (At), Teneso (Ts).

The oxidation number of -1 and family VII A of halogens occurs when forming binary compounds.

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At the ion that characterizes the compound is peroxide

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The outermost level is 3, so it is located in period 3.
Since the last electron that entered is in the p sublevel that corresponds to groups III-A to VIII-A.
Since there are two plus three electrons in the external level, it is located in group VA of the periodic table.
The configuration has 15 electrons corresponding to Phosphorus.

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Saturated hydrocarbons are chemical compounds that are made exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are named by prefixing a Greek suffix that indicates the number of carbon atoms to the ending -ane. The first in the series are pentane, hexane and heptane, octane, nonane and decane)

https://slideplayer.es/slide/13746825/

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They are open chain hydrocarbons that are characterized by having one or more double bonds, C=C. They are named the same as alkanes, but with the ending in -ene.
1. The longest chain that contains the double bond is chosen as the main chain.
2. Counting begins at the end closest to a double bond.

https://sites.google.com/site/cienciaok/home/nomenclatura-de-hidrocarburos

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Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds. Its degree of unsaturation is two. Alkynes respond to the formula CnH2n-2 and are named by replacing the suffix -ane of the alkane with the same number of carbons with -yne.
For example:

https://www.quimicaorganica.org/alquinos.html

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Weight is the action of the gravity of a planet or star on the mass of the bodies.
Ductility is the property of metals to transform into threads, wires, tubes, etc.
Density is the relationship between the mass of a body and the volume it occupies.
Malleability is the ability of metals to extend into sheets or plates.
Volume is the space that a body occupies.

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Iodine is found in the VII-A family of halogens.
Potassium is found in the IA family of alkali metals.

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The atomic radius of an element on the periodic table increases from right to left and top to bottom, so helium has the smallest atomic radius and francium the largest.

1-Neon
2-Sodium
4-Magnesium
3-Cesium

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Balancing the reaction:

Chemical equation:

and therefore the equation would be balanced with the following numerical values:

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pH is a measure that is used to establish the level of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
The letter p stands for “potential,” which is why pH is called hydrogen potential.
The scale is based on pH values ​​and is logarithmic, meaning that a change in one unit of pH corresponds to a tenfold change in the concentration of hydronium ions. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 and a pH value of 7 is neutral.

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Catalysts are substances that modify the rate of a reaction and do not intervene in the formation of the products. Catalysts also reduce the activation energy.

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Molarity or molar concentration is the amount of solute expressed in moles contained in a quantity of solvent to form one liter of solution.

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Ethers are organic compounds represented by the RO-R' type functional group, where R and R' are alkyl groups, the same or different, with the oxygen atom attached to these.