Biology Simulator Exam Area of ​​Social and Administrative Sciences IPN 2024 Higher Level

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The cell is the morphological and functional unit of every living being. In fact, the cell is the smallest element that can be considered alive.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

As its name suggests, the plant cell is the one that makes up the members of the kingdom Plantae. It is a eukaryotic cell, with a differentiated nucleus, membrane and cytoplasm just like the animal cell. The plant cell has exclusive parts, since it carries out a unique process in the Plantae kingdom known as photosynthesis.

Image taken from: https://100cia.site/index.php/biologia/item/2692-cual-es-la-estructura-y funcion-de-unapared-cellular
Bioencyclopedia (sf). Recovered from: https://www.bioenciclopedia.com/lacelula-vegetal/

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Metabolism is the set of physical-chemical reactions regulated by enzymes that take place in organisms. Cells allow the transformation and use of energy.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The mitochondria is the cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, ovoid in shape, formed by a double membrane and its main function is the production of energy through the consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide and water as products of cellular respiration. form of ATP.

Image adapted from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_v1FE6q5vjY González, CA (sf). Mitochondria. Recovered from http://www.botanica.cnba.uba.ar/Pakete/3er/LaCelula/MITOCONDRIAS.htm

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The ovaries are the almond-shaped female sexual glands, located on both sides of the uterus and have two functions:
1. Secrete the female hormones estrogen and progesterone that help the development of characters.
2. Release the egg every month during reproductive life.
Roche (sf). What are ovaries? Recovered from https://rochepacientes.es/que-son-los-ovarios/

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Luteinizing hormone (LH), also known as lutropin, is produced by the pituitary gland and together with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is part of a group of hormones known as gonadotropins that play a determining role in females in the reproduction process. . In women, luteinizing hormone plays an essential role in regulating the menstrual cycle.
The hypothalamus secretes a small peptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. GnRH regulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in specialized cells (gonadotrophs) in the anterior pituitary. These hormones are released in short pulses each lasting between 1 to 4 hours. LH and FSH promote ovulation and stimulate the secretion of the sex hormones estradiol, estrogen, and progesterone from the ovaries.
Sanitas (sf). Luteinizing hormone (LH). Recovered from:
https://www.sanitas.es/sanitas/seguros/es/particulares/biblioteca-de-salud/prevencion-salud/hormonaluteinizante.html

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Contraceptive methods are understood as the different ways that exist to prevent pregnancy. Currently there are twenty different types of contraceptives.
Barrier contraceptives:
The diaphragm. It is like a flexible silicone dome that is placed in front of the cervix. It does not cover the mucosa of the vagina so it is not recommended to avoid STDs.
The vaginal sponge. It is a polyurethane foam device with spermicide. It should only be removed after 6 hours from the last sexual intercourse. It does not prevent STDs.
Natural Alternative Methods:
Intercourse interrupted. It consists of withdrawing the penis before ejaculating.
Cervical mucus. A few days before ovulation begins, cervical mucus becomes more elastic. It is a way to know our fertile period.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Fragmentation or excision is a method of asexual plant reproduction by which an individual divides into two or more complete individuals.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Mendel's first law, also called the law of uniformity of hybrids of the first generation, or simply the law of uniformity dictates that when crossing two varieties of a purebred species, each of the hybrids of the first generation will have characteristics certain similar in their phenotype. This is because pure breeds have either a dominant gene or a recessive gene. The dominant genotype will then be the one that determines the main characteristic or characteristics of the first generation of the cross, but at the same time, they will also be phenotypically similar to each other, that is, between each individual of the first generation.
Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., Byers, B. (2008) Biology: life on earth. Mexico: Pearson

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Lamarck proposed that all organisms possess an innate drive toward perfection, a need to ascend the ladder of nature. A well-known example is in which he hypothesizes that the ancestors of giraffes stretched their necks to feed on the leaves that grew at high altitudes on the trees and consequently their necks lengthened a little; their descendants would have inherited this longer neck and would have inherited this longer neck.
Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., Byers, B. (2008) Biology: life on earth. Mexico: Pearson

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The study of evolutionary processes has a phylogenetic approach, that is, it tries to determine the degree of evolutionary relatedness between different species of living beings.
In general, the large changes in living beings that manifest themselves above the level of species over thousands or millions of years are called macroevolution, while the small changes that can occur in a species are called macroevolution. They are known as microevolution.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Ecosystems are systems of interrelation between biotic factors, such as the living beings that inhabit them (which are distinguished by being born, growing, reproducing and dying) and abiotic factors, such as climate, humidity and solar radiation.
Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., Byers, B. (2008) Biology. Science and nature. Mexico: Pearson.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Parasitism is a process by which a species expands its capacity for survival by using other species to cover its basic and vital needs, which do not necessarily have to refer to nutritional issues, and can cover functions that give it advantages for reproduction. of the parasitic species, etc. Exploited species do not normally obtain a benefit for the services provided, and are generally harmed by the relationship, seeing their viability undermined.

Beekeeping (sf) Parasitism. Recovered from: https://apícola.fandom.com/wiki/Parasitism

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through which energy and nutrients are transferred when one organism eats another. At the base of the food chain are the primary producers, which are autotrophs and are generally plants, algae or cyanobacteria. Organisms that eat primary producers are called primary consumers. Primary consumers are usually herbivores that eat plants, although they can also be consumers of algae or bacteria. Organisms that eat primary consumers are called secondary consumers and are generally carnivorous.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Mendel used letters as symbols to represent pairs of genes: he used uppercase letters for dominant genes and lowercase letters for recessive genes.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Living beings need around 40 chemical elements for their development; Among them, the fundamental ones are: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. The existence of these in nature is limited; Therefore, they must be recycled constantly. This is how the so-called biogeochemical cycles arise, which allow the availability of these elements again and again, transforming and recirculating through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere, that is, the ecosphere. Biogeochemical cycles can be of two types:
Of gaseous nutrients. Whose source of contribution is the atmosphere; for example, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
Solid nutrients. Provided by the earth's crust; for example, phosphorus and calcium.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Fungi Kingdom: Also known as fungi, it is very diverse as it includes the well-known mushrooms, yeasts and molds, among others.
Monera: This kingdom includes very small organisms that can only be observed with very powerful microscopes. All individuals in this kingdom are characterized by being:
Prokaryotes: inside the cell there are no compartments and no nucleus can be seen.
Unicellular: they are individuals composed of a single cell.
Kingdom Plantae: It is the most important link in any food chain, most of them have chlorophyll and can store the energy that comes from the sun and synthesize food substances.
Animal (Animalia): Animals are multicellular heterotrophic organisms and their main mode of nutrition is ingestion. They store their energy reserves in the form of glycogen or fat. Their eukaryotic cells lack walls. They are characterized by having at some point in their life the capacity for mobilization.
Protists: They are those that present the simplest biological structures among eukaryotes (since their DNA is included in the nucleus of the cell), and can present a unicellular structure (this being the most common), multicellular or colonial (but without reaching to form tissues). Protists are (mostly) autotrophs and produce a high percentage of the earth's oxygen. However, it is difficult to establish a table of general characteristics for the organisms of the protist kingdom.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

In biology, and specifically in genetics, the expression of the genotype based on a certain environment is called a phenotype. Phenotypic traits have both physical and behavioral attributes.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Types of trophic levels: It is based on the classification of organisms based on the origin of the matter on which they feed. Each one differs in its nutritional relationship with the primary energy source (that which comes from the Sun and produces photosynthesis) or feeding on others, determined by the trophic level. Primary productivity. Primary producers: plants, algae, photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria. Secondary productivity. Herbivores, primary and secondary carnivores.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

In large-scale consumerism in contemporary society, natural resources and a sustainable economy are seriously compromised. The alternatives to some of the problems of consumerism are sustainable development, environmentalism and responsible consumption.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous system whose structure consists of a network of flattened saccules or cisternae, globose saccules or vesicles, and sinuous tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and communicate with the outer nuclear membrane. Within these flattened sacs there is a space called lumen that stores substances. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough ER (with attached ribosomes) and smooth ER (free of associated ribosomes).

Its primary function is protein synthesis, synthesis of membrane lipids and participation in cell detoxification processes.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Most plants contain 90-95% water. That is, if a plant weighs 10 kilos, more than nine kilos would be water. This percentage varies depending on the climate and the plant species, but in general this percentage is correct.
The parts of the plant that contain the most water are the leaves and vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). The woodiest parts of plants, such as the bark of trees, have less water than the inside of the trunk.
Recovered from: https://sites.google.com/site/misitiowebdims/home/1-5---cantidad-de-agua-en-una-planta

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The Krebs cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle) is a metabolic cycle of fundamental importance in all cells that use oxygen during the process of cellular respiration. In these aerobic organisms, the Krebs cycle is the ring of conjunction of the metabolic pathways responsible for the degradation and disassimilation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water, with the formation of chemical energy. Balance of glucose oxidation: based on the different metabolic routes involved in the total degradation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water and its energy balance, it allows us to know how many ATP molecules have been obtained and what percentage of the chemical energy of glucose has been recovered in the form of high-energy phosphate bonds. A simple calculation (which you can do as an exercise) tells us that 38 molecules of ATP are obtained for each molecule of glucose completely degraded to CO2 and H2O, which means that approximately 40% of the chemical energy of glucose has been recovered in form of ATP. The rest has been released as heat and constitutes the price that cells must pay for staying away from thermodynamic equilibrium. Krebs cycle. (sf) Retrieved from: https://www.ciclodekrebs.com/

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Bacterial spores begin to form during the stationary phase of growth when one or more nutrients in the medium have been depleted, they can survive in adverse environments for months or years, and once growth conditions are appropriate they can germinate and develop to form cells. vegetative. Endospores are characterized by low water content, have no detectable metabolism, and lack high-energy compounds such as ATP and other nucleoside triphosphates. In addition, they are highly resistant to drying, freezing, radiation and the action of certain chemical substances.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Mitosis is a type of cell division in which a mother cell divides to produce two new cells, called daughter cells, which are genetically identical.
Prophase: It is known as the first phase of mitosis. The nuclear membrane remains intact and we can observe a nucleolus. In addition to DNA duplication, centrosome duplication also occurs. The centrosome is located in the cytoplasm very close to the nucleus, and in the case of the animal cell, it contains two centrioles.
Metaphase: The chromosomes are aligned in an area called the metaphase plate or equatorial plate, as it is similar to the imaginary line on Earth known as the equator.
Anaphase: The proteins that join the chromatids of the chromosomes separate and move away to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: All microtubules have been degraded and the nuclear membrane forms around the chromatids that were separated at each pole. That is, two nuclear membranes are formed located at the ends.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Vegetative multiplication or propagation is the production of a plant from a cell, tissue, organ or part of a mother plant. Different parts of a plant's body, under certain growth conditions (light, temperature, humidity, nutrients, health, etc.) can give rise to a complete individual. This is because many cells in the differentiated (mature) tissues of the plant retain totipotency. With this characteristic, an adult cell can dedifferentiate (resume meristematic activity) and multiply, giving rise to vegetative organs (root, stem and leaves).
Bioencyclopedia (sf). Retrieved from: http://www.biologia.edu.ar/botanica/tema22/multiplicacion-vegetativa.htm

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Vascular plants: They are multicellular organisms that are generally terrestrial, with specialized conduction tissues.
Vascular plants include two divisions:
Pteridophyta Division
It includes the lycopodia and selaginellas, the horsetails (horsetails) and the ferns themselves. Reproduction takes place through spores produced in sporangia; there are no flowers or seeds, which is why they were formerly called vascular cryptogams (12.000 species).

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The world faces a problem of millions of tons of garbage. Waste in cities is very varied and ranges from the easiest to handle to infectious, contagious or toxic waste, requiring a wide variety of solutions.
The global plastic problem has been worsening for decades. Since mass production began in the early 1950s, annual production has grown from around 2 million tons to 322 million in 2015.
The Financiero (2018). The world faces a problem of millions of tons of garbage. Recovered from:
https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/mundo/el-mundo-enfrenta-problema-de-millones-de-toneladas-de- basura

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The main abiotic factors are:
Light: It is the energy of the Sun. Essential in the photosynthesis of plants
Pressure: It is a physical aspect of water relative to the depth of the sea that limits the life of many species.
Water: It is essential for all life and also a limiting factor in certain ecosystems. It is essential in the synthesis of new organic matter.
Humidity: Plants have acquired genetically adapted characteristics that allow them to live in areas with different humidity concentrations.
Biotic factors: It is the result of the activities of a living being or any living component in an environment, such as the actions of one organism that affect the life of another organism. Biotic components are all living beings in an ecosystem. They are animals, plants and microorganisms (for example, bacteria). Also included are waste from living beings and dead organisms, and the various ways in which they affect the growth and development of plants.
The simplest way to understand if something is biotic is to ask directly: Is it a living element? If the answer is yes, then we know that it is biotic (everything related to living organisms, how they are characterized or how they interact with other organisms of the same or different species) and not abiotic.
Ovacen (sf) Biotic factors, types, relationships, examples and biotic concept.
Retrieved from: https://ecosistemas.ovacen.com/biocenosis/bioticos/

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The ecosystem is the set of species in a given area that interact with each other and with their abiotic environment; among them, through processes such as predation, parasitism, competition and symbiosis; and with its environment, by disintegrating and becoming part of the energy and nutrient cycle again. Ecosystem species, including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, depend on each other. The relationships between species and their environment result in the flow of matter and energy in the ecosystem, added to the interaction between temperature, climate, water, amount of light, etc.
Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., Byers, B. (2008) Biology: Science and nature. Mexico: Pearson.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Asexual reproduction is defined as the multiplication of an individual capable of producing offspring without the need for fertilization. Therefore, daughter organisms consist of replicas of the parent. It is assumed that children resulting from asexual reproduction events are identical copies of their parents. However, it must be remembered that the copy of the genetic material is subject to changes called “mutations”.
Budding: It is the reproduction that is carried out when a protuberance or bud is formed that grows and detaches from the organism.
Bipartition: It consists of the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, each new cell is a new individual with structures and functions identical to the mother cell.
Sporulation: It consists of a series of divisions of the nucleus that are surrounded by portions of cytoplasm and membrane. When the membrane of the original cell ruptures, numerous cells, called spores, are released.
Fragmentation: Method of asexual animal division by which an individual is divided into two or more pieces, each of which is capable of reconstructing a complete organism.
Gelambi (sf) Asexual reproduction: characteristics and types. Recovered from: https://www.lifeder.com/caracteristicasreproduccionasexual/

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Chloroplasts are the most biologically important plastids; since through photosynthesis in them light energy is transformed into chemical energy that can be used by plants. Chloroplasts were identified as the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, in which light energy is transformed into chemical energy, which can be used by plants.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

The plasma membrane or cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that delimits all cells. It is a laminated structure made up of phospholipids, glycolipids and proteins that surrounds, limits, shapes and helps maintain the balance between the inside and outside of cells.

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

In 1665, Robert Hooke examined a sheet of cork under a low-power microscope and thought he saw some pores. As cork is part of the bark of some trees, he decided to examine several pieces of vegetables under a microscope and discovered the same porous structure throughout. Impressed by the resemblance that the structure had to the cells of a honeycomb, he stated that it was made up of cells, a word he used for the first time in his work Micrographia: "You can clearly see that everything was perforated and full of pores, when "just like a honeycomb. These pores or cells were not deep, but were made up of many little boxes, separated one by one around a very long pore."

EXPLANATION OF THE CORRECT ANSWER

Regarding water uses, the world averages are: 23% for agricultural use, 7% for industry and 67% for domestic use. Irrigation is the most important use and perhaps the poorest because up to 70% of water is lost in transportation (Visscher 1996). The need to have greater efficiency in agricultural use is very clear, but it is also clear in domestic water systems since unnecessary and significant costs arise; For example, a person uses 220 liters if they bathe with a bathtub and 30 if they shower, a dripping tap at home wastes 35,000 liters of water per year and a cistern consumes 145,000 liters per year (Giordan, 1995).
In Mexico, a lot of water is wasted because we believe that it will always be readily available, in addition to not knowing how to recycle. In short, the lack of culture of care and use of water is becoming a serious and serious problem that is growing by leaps and bounds. If we compare the uses of Mexico's vital liquid with the rest of the world, we will see that the figures are inverted.
Giordan, A. (1995) Environmental education. Seville: Díada.